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SS Columbia
SS ''Columbia'' is one of two remaining excursion steamships from the turn of the 20th century in existence, the second being her running mate, and sister ship SS ''Ste. Claire''. Both were designed by Frank E. Kirby and Louis O. Keil. ''Columbia'' was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.〔
==History==
''Columbia'' was constructed in Wyandotte, Michigan in 1902, and ''Ste. Claire'' was constructed in Toledo, Ohio in 1910. The naval architect Frank Kirby designed a new girder system for ''Columbia'' that allowed for the spans needed for a dance floor, thus ''Columbia'' was the first steamboat in the US with a proper ballroom. ''Columbia'' influenced the design of excursion steamers including ''Americana'', ''Canadiana'', ''Ste. Claire'', ''Put-in-bay'', ''Peter Stuyvesant'', and ''Catalina'' throughout the US. ''Columbia'' and ''Ste. Claire'' were originally joined by a third, SS ''Britannia'', built in 1906. During their heyday, ''Columbia'' and ''Ste. Claire'' sailed down the Detroit River from downtown Detroit to Bois Blanc Island, a Canadian island that was home to an amusement park built as a destination for the steamers. During the summer, the ship's triple decks would be filled with passengers enjoying the 90-minute, boat ride to the island. Both ships featured music and dancing, an arcade, and a snack bar. The ships became icons on the Detroit River and were greatly loved by the people of Detroit.
''Columbia'' became the setting for an historic Civil Rights battle in 1945 when a young African American woman named Sara Elizabeth Ray went to join her classmates for a celebratory graduation cruise aboard the ship. Officers of the Boblo Excursion company then approached Ms. Ray and told her she had to leave due to her race. When they threatened her with physical removal, she agreed to leave but not before throwing the proffered fare refund back at them and getting their names. Ms. Ray enlisted the help of the NAACP in filing a complaint against the line for illegal discrimination. The Boblo Excursion company claimed exemption from the Michigan statutes due to their routes traversing the Canadian border thereby claiming that they were engaged in international commerce and were not subject to state regulations. Ms. Ray won in the local courts and then in state court and ultimately in the US Supreme court.〔
(【引用サイトリンク】title=Bob-Lo Excursion Co. v. People of State of Michigan 333 U.S. 28 (1948) )〕 This decision is viewed as being the first step towards Brown vs. Board of Education. Ms. Ray's courageous gesture predates Rosa Park's historic stand by 10 years but is little known today.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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